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Diverse Morphologic Spectrum and its Clinical Presentation of Stress-induced Cardiomyopathy (Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy) Precipitated by Physical Stressors
연세대학교 용인세브란스병원¹ , 연세대학교 강남세브란스병원² , 국민건강보험공단 일산병원³ , 을지대학교 서울을지병원⁴ , 관동대학교 명지병원5 , 연세대학교 신촌세브란스병원6 , 인제대학교 상계백병원7
권성우¹, 정혜문² , 윤지현² , 문희선² , 윤세정³ , 유승기⁴ , 조덕규5 , 심지영6 , 김병옥7 , 김종윤² , 최의영² , 이지혁¹ , 민필기² , 윤영원² , 이병권² , 임세중² , 권혁문² , 홍범기²
Background: Recently, several case reports suggested that stress-induced cardiomyopathy (SCMP) reveals various morphologic features of left ventricle (LV). However, there is paucity of data dealing with the clinical characteristics and presentations among these patients. Objectives: Therefore, we investigated the morphologic features of LV in SCMP patients, and differentiate their clinical characteristics and presentations. Moreover, we evaluated which factor can be the predictor for adverse outcome in SCMP patients. Methods: This was a multi-center, retrospective study. We enrolled 234 patients from 1998 to 2010. Morphologic features of LV was determined by echocardiography and categorized as 1) apical ballooning, 2) mid-LV ballooning, 3) reverse, 4) apical-tip sparing, 5) global hypokinesis, and 6) unclassified type. Results: Among 234 patients, apical ballooning type showed preponderance (59.4%) of SCMP followed by mid-LV ballooning type (24.4%), unclassified type (6.8%), apical-tip sparing type (4.3%), reverse type (2.6%), and global hypokinesis type (2.6%), respectively. Patients with typical SCMP were older (68.4±13.0 vs. 61.5±14.2 years, p<0.0001) and hypertensive (61.9% vs. 38.9%, p=0.001). In addition, patients with typical SCMP tend to have ST-segment elevation at initial ECG (p=0.030). However, there was no differences in triggering events (p=0.285), clinical presentations, and in-hospital mortality(8.1% vs. 8.5%, p=0.909) between patients with typical and atypical SCMP. When determining the independent predictor for in-hospital mortality in SCMP patients, multivariate analysis revealed that age, shock, coronary artery disease (CAD), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were the independent risk factors (Table 1). Conclusions: SCMP not only presents various clinical, electrocardiographic, angiographic, and echocardiographic characteristics, but also demonstrates diverse morphologic spectrum of LV. Therefore, it is necessary that we should pay more attention when undergoing differential diagnosis for patients with acute coronary syndrome. In addition, physical stressors, age, hemodynamic compromise, existence of CAD, and initial LVEF are independent risk factors that may predict worse outcome.

Table 1. Determinants of in-hospital mortality in SCMP patients by using multivariate logistic regression analysis

Multivariate analysis

Variables

Hazard ratio

95% C.I.

p-value

Age

1.064

1.006-1.124

0.029

Shock

3.929

1.057-14.604

0.041

CAD

3.138

1.054-9.339

0.040

LVEF

0.938

0.891-0.988

0.016



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